CCTV: national standards to make the surveillance work

CCTV: national standards to make the surveillance work

Contents at a glance

Research from the Home Office suggests that many CCTV systems have been procured without detailed consideration as to the required functionality that makes them fit for purpose. According to official documents, 80% of CCTV images cannot reliably be used by the police.

The guidance issued by the Home Office to assist those public authorities purchasing CCTV systems has been largely ignored. This guidance states the CCTV procurement process should involve; a detailed specification of processing objectives for CCTV, a multi-disciplinary approach to identify the social problems which CCTV will help to reduce, a comprehensive analysis of technical and managerial matters which identify how CCTV will be used in practice, and a business case which identifies why CCTV implementation is the best solution.

CCTV technology has changed from one based on sequentially-recorded tapes to a technology based on digitised images processed by sophisticated software; images of individuals caught on camera unambiguously fall within the remit of the Data Protection Act.

The Information Commissioner's draft Code of Practice on CCTV stresses that the technical choices made at the procurement stage determine certain privacy and surveillance outcomes; a privacy impact assessment is needed to justify the procurement of a CCTV system.

The Home Office and the Association of Chief Police Officers have published a National CCTV Strategy that will, in future, determine standards and procedures that have to be adopted by those operating or procuring digital CCTV systems. In urban areas, further expansion and integration between existing CCTV systems is the likely outcome if the Strategy is implemented.

The Strategy suggests that legislation might be needed to create a separate body to supervise and enforce digital CCTV standards; it is possible that this body could become responsible for the supervision of privacy standards with respect to CCTV operations.

Introduction

In October, the Home Office and the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) published “A National CCTV Strategy” (the “Strategy”) designed to apply common standards, procedures and technical platforms to all public sector CCTV systems and to many private sector CCTV systems. The publication of this Strategy coincided with the closure of the consultation period associated with the Information Commissioner's consultation on a revised “CCTV data protection code of practice”. This code is to replace the existing code (published in 2000) and the CCTV guidance issued in the wake of the Durant judgment (published in 2004). As well as raising the expected data protection issues, the Commissioner's draft Code of Practice (the “draft Code”) also dwells on technical and procedural matters.

These technical matters have become important because CCTV systems are now based on digital images processed by computers and not the sequential recorded images that one usually associates with VHS tapes. As we shall see, the choice of that digital technology can raise specific data protection issues and a purpose of this article to explain why this is the case. In our view, the operation of your organisation's CCTV system is something that you will need to consider in the near future.

“Looking out for you” - some CCTV history

In 1995, the then Home Secretary, Michael Howard MP, published a document “CCTV - Looking out for you”. It emphasised that CCTV should not become “a cure looking for an illness” and stated that “too often CCTV is perceived as the 'cure' before clearly identifying the problems which it is supposed to deal with”. To illustrate these issues, the document contained two scenarios – both involving local authority proposals to install a CCTV system.

The first scenario related to one (anonymous) borough where there appeared to be a high rate of vandalism to cars, and this level of crime “was believed to be driving people from using the town centre” and it was thought that “CCTV would be the best solution”. However, research showed that “the damage was concentrated on particular days of the week” and “most commonly appeared during one period of time on those days". Further investigation showed that the higher rate of damage was “caused by market traders when they set up early in the morning” and that implementation of a “town centre CCTV would have been an expensive non-solution”.

The second case study concerned the CCTV system installed at Newcastle-upon-Tyne City Centre. Here a police superintendent explained that, prior to the installation of CCTV, a “revised style of pro-active policing” was introduced. This resulted in a decrease of crime from 13,500 incidents in 1991 to 4,500 in 1993 and the introduction of CCTV reduced crime statistics further to 2,381 offences per year. The conclusion drawn was that “the true success of CCTV” was linked “to a strategy of pro-active policing and other positive initiatives which are inextricably linked to the use of CCTV”.

The Home Office guidance then outlined the basic components of a successful installation of a CCTV system; ingredients that are repeated in the Commissioner's draft Code and ACPO's Strategy. These components, which provide a useful checklist of actions to be taken prior to purchase, involve:

·        a multi-agency approach to produce a CCTV system specification that involves all stakeholders likely to have an interest in the effectiveness of the system (e.g. police, local authorities, prosecutors, car park operators, residents groups, media representatives and representatives of retailers, restauranteurs and publicans). This approach will lead to the identification of the common social problems that CCTV aims to reduce (e.g. vandalism, shoplifting, drunkenness, burglary, pick pocketing, disorderly behaviour) and to an assessment of alternative solutions that don't need a CCTV system installed (e.g. better lighting, neighbourhood watch, improved communications with police, security patrols, no tolerance to graffiti, bye-laws re drinking, barrier entry car parks).

·        a clear understanding of how and why the procurement of a CCTV system would be the best solution to mitigate the impact of the identified social problems (e.g. by providing a deterrence to the targeted behaviour or evidence that can be used in Court), and how CCTV will be co-ordinated with other initiatives (e.g. policing and anti-social behaviour strategies).

·        the identification of the technical requirements from the system specification. This ensures that a procured CCTV system would have the functionality to deliver measurable results in relation to the identified problems (e.g. the system operates under the required lighting conditions; cameras have the correct zoom functionality; colours are reproduced accurately; evidential issues are resolved by the correct choice of monitors, cameras or storage devices).

·        a business case that specifies the outcomes or deliverables to demonstrate that the CCTV system will be (or continues to be) a cost-effective solution to the identified social problems.

·        careful consideration of staffing and operational issues (e.g. management, control room procedures, staff training, disclosure procedures, subject access procedures) and public relations issues (e.g. reports to Councillors, fair processing notices; press and public liaison) to maintain public confidence in the system.

“Assessing the impact of CCTV”

The 1995 guidance from the Home Office appears to have been ignored in the rush to spend the £210 million the Government made available for the capital spend on CCTV systems between 1994 and 2003. This conclusion is apparent from a Home Office Research Study (“Assessing the impact of CCTV”, Report no. 292, Feb 2005) which studied 13 CCTV systems that were installed during this period.

Although the Home Office research contained a caveat not to come to “too simplistic a conclusion” about the effectiveness of CCTV in general, there is no mistaking its central message. The research report notes that: “It would be easy to conclude from the information presented in this report that CCTV is not effective: the majority of the schemes evolved did not reduce crime and even where there was a reduction, this was mostly not due to CCTV; nor did CCTV schemes make people feel safer, much less change their behaviour”.

This rather frank statement is accompanied with pithy explanations in relation to the management and procurement of CCTV systems studied by the researchers.

• “Many projects did not have clear objectives” and that the general perception was that “CCTV was a good thing”. Sometimes installation of a CCTV created “demands by neighboring towns to catch up” and the “existence of funding for CCTV created pressure to bid for it”.
• “Many schemes relied too heavily on technical consultants whose work was not scrutinised, largely because no one had the qualification to question what was done”. Since “a consultant was dispensed with in many cases, planners were unable to challenge the technical sales pitch of equipment suppliers”.
• “Some systems failed to engage properly with end-users, most notably the police” and this resulted in “a loss of interest in the system and a reluctance to use the evidence supplied by the cameras”.

The research also noted that “there was a lack of realism about what could be expected from CCTV” and that “in short, it was oversold – by successive governments – as the answer (indeed magic bullet)”. The researchers commented that “few seeking a share of the available funding saw it necessary to demonstrate CCTV's effectiveness” and “it was rarely obvious why CCTV was the best response to crime in particular circumstances”. There was “a tendency to put up cameras and expect impressive results, ignoring the challenge of making what is quite a complex measure work, and failing to define what exactly the CCTV system was expected to do”.

The research also noted positive items about CCTV. For example, in the 13 systems evaluated, crime had decreased in 6 areas whereas the increase in 7 areas covered by CCTV could not be attributed to the CCTV system. CCTV had less effect on impulsive crime (e.g. alcohol-related) but had a measurable effect on premeditated crime (e.g. car theft) and there was evidence to suggest that CCTV could assist where specific problems had been identified (e.g. areas where drug dealing was prevalent or which were associated with “acquisitive crime” such as theft). Fixed areas with specific problems (e.g. car-parks) were generally a CCTV success story.

The research noted that technical issues such as camera coverage, lighting and location were important to the effectiveness of the CCTV system but not if camera density had reached saturation point. Members of the public worried less about crime in the areas covered by CCTV, but “knowing that cameras were installed in the area did not necessarily lead to reinforced feelings of security among respondents”. Above all, procurement of a CCTV system which had been integrated with other crime reduction policies (and which involved police, retailers, community wardens, publicans etc) worked when installation included consideration of the components identified in the 1995 guidance (and listed above).

The rush to digital technology

At our Update sessions (October 2007), we have been fortunate to have a guest speaker, Bernie Brooks, Founder of Datpro Ltd, a company that specialises in CCTV consultancy. He presented a liturgy of technical issues, many of which echo the Home Office research findings and the 1995 guidance, to arrive at a simple message. The intended use of a digital CCTV system and its operational framework has consequences for the choices made when the technology is purchased; and a poor technical choice can make a CCTV system unfit for its stated purpose.

Some of the main issues identified by him included the following.

• End users do not know what they want from their CCTV; they often follow supplier recommendations and do not have the technical expertise to define what they want.
• Procedures and standards in relation to security (e.g. Code of Practice on Information Security management ISO27001/ISO27002) or evidence (e.g. BS DISC PD0008: 2004 Legal Admissibility and Evidential Weight of Information Stored Electronically) need to be integrated into the operational procedures associated with a CCTV control room.
• Issues such as camera functionality, camera location, image quality, image resolution and camera density interact with technical aspects of recording (e.g. disk capacity, frames per second) that are not usually considered by purchasers of CCTV systems. For example, a standard 350GB storage unit (often associated with CCTV technology) can store the images from a single camera, running for 21 days, recording at 5 frames per second. As most of our readers watch terrestrial TV (which operates at 25 frames per second), it can be seen that a 350GB disk would only hold 4 days of TV quality images.
• If the recording hardware handles more than one camera, then the maximum recording rate might have to be shared between all cameras on a CCTV system. Suppose there is a CCTV system that can record at a 25 frames per second rate and the computer supports 10 cameras. If one camera is recording at 18 frames per second, it follows that the other 9 cameras will be recording at 1 frame per second. This rate of recording impacts on the evidential value of the stored images.
• Retention periods associated with CCTV images have, possibly as a result of poor choice of recording technology, fallen and a 14-day retention period is now commonplace (rather than 28 or 31 days, preferred by the police). Movement activated cameras can be used to overcome recording problems (e.g. cameras only record events when something happens), however, such movement cameras can be triggered by snow, or trees swaying in the wind.
• Operational problems have arisen because there has been a failure to consider how images are to be shared with the police or prosecutors. Often images cannot be used as evidence. Sometimes the images the police need cannot be isolated and this runs the risk that the police might have to seize the computer.

Commissioner's Code of Practice consultation

Given the above, it can now be seen why the Commissioner in his draft Code is asking questions such as: “for whose purposes will the CCTV be used?”; “What are the problems it is meant to address”; and, most importantly, “can CCTV technology realistically deliver”? This is because several data protection issues arise directly from the incorrect technical functionality and the implementation of an ill-considered CCTV system specification.

For example, internet systems of control for a CCTV system could be vulnerable to hackers who could then enable or disable functionality of the system (Seventh Principle). Cameras are so small that many individuals are unaware of CCTV surveillance (fairness- First Principle); this could give rise to claims of unlawful covert surveillance (unlawfulness- First Principle). If there is a viable alternative to the installation of a CCTV system (e.g. installation of better lighting), or if such systems do not perform to deliver the specified purposes (e.g. images of insufficient quality that can't be used as evidence) then adequacy issues would arise (Third Principle). Digital images are easily manipulated and this gives rise to other security issues (Seventh Principle) and/or data integrity issues (Fourth Principles). Failure to consider the rights of data subjects engages the Sixth Principle.

The Commissioner stresses that data protection also needs to be integrated into day-to-day operational procedures. For example, if there are disturbances in an A&E department of a local NHS trust, should the police be able to take a “live feed” in order to record any relevant evidence and provide a continuous police presence? In this case, the solution proffered by the Commissioner is to install a panic button, which if activated by hospital staff, starts the live feed to the police. In this way, the police do not observe those who visit A&E when there isn't an incident (this would be excessive- Third Principle).

The Commissioner is also concerned to ensure that the data controller is identified so that responsibility for meeting data protection obligations are unambiguously assigned (e.g. so that the rights of data subjects to access to images containing their personal data are maintained). In this latter regard, functionality to blur images of other individuals caught in these images, if needed, becomes an important factor if personal data are to be released following a subject access request. Management of procedures, maintenance of equipment, and staff training (Seventh Principle) are an important element in the system of control, as does the maintenance of evidence that operational procedures are actually followed. Finally, it is estimated by Bernie Brooks that about one million data controllers are not registered for the processing of personal data for the purposes associated with CCTV.

The Commissioner's red-lines

There are four “be careful what you do areas” identified in the draft Code. These are:

• CCTV must not be used to record conversations. The draft Code states that “CCTV must not be used to record conversations between members of the public as this is highly intrusive and unlikely to be justified” and that “You should choose a system without this facility if possible. If your system comes equipped with a sound recording facility then you should turn this off or disable it in some other way”.
• Audio based alert systems (when the cameras are activated by a noise) “may be acceptable subject to sufficient safeguards, but conversations should not be recorded and the operators should not listen in”.
• “Help” and Panic buttons, if activated by those who need help are acceptable, as they are activated by the person requiring assistance. This procedure can be seen as a communication instigated at the consent of the individual seeking the CCTV operator's attention.
• Broadcast messages via speakers fitted to cameras that allow operators to admonish wrongdoers observed on camera in real-time is acceptable (e.g. an operator who says “will the person in the yellow jumper pick up the crisp-packet he has just dropped”). However, “the use of audio to broadcast messages to those under surveillance should be restricted to messages directly related to the purpose for which the system was established” (e.g. an operator who says “I'm confused as to what you are pointing at because you are using two fingers” rather than the broadcast comment “And the same to you too!”).

Strategy to extend the role of CCTV

The starting point for the Strategy is that CCTV is a success story. In this view of the world, the research that has indicated CCTV to be ineffective has merely demonstrated that CCTV specifications that have not been properly defined, do not produce the satisfactory results when the system is implemented. That explains why the Ministerial Foreword to the Strategy concludes that “although the CCTV infrastructure is very good, it could be much better if it was effectively co-ordinated”.

The Strategy sets out plans for co-ordinating an ambitious, integrated expansion of the CCTV in town centres to include “CCTV from buses, tube and train carriages” and from “football stadiums, arenas and other areas of public convenience”. The Strategy foresees other electronic linkages for localised CCTV systems such as in a store or railway station: these include “shop cameras to Electronic Point of Sale systems”, “transport system cameras to travel cards” and “internal building cameras connected to building access control systems”. Such integration, the Strategy states, will “dramatically improve the effectiveness of CCTV systems” as “post event CCTV images can quickly be searched against other events”.

One important reason for these linkages is that, in the post 9/11 world, the Strategy is subtly enhancing the role of CCTV from its accepted role that relates to crowds in city centres (e.g. public safety, public order or low-level street-crime) to ensure that such CCTV, in future, has the functionality to trace individuals and vehicles involved in serious crime and for anti-terrorist purposes. The Strategy clearly states that “if we are to deal more effectively with serious, organized crime and terrorism, different operational requirements are needed”.

In the UK news section, we reported that these changes are already being developed. London's Congestion Charge cameras now feed images through to MI5 for national security purposes, and modern digital CCTV in city centres are increasingly augmented by an automatic number plate reader (ANPR) functionality that permits checks with the Police National Computer (e.g. to provide intelligence on vehicle movements, to identify uninsured drivers). The Strategy envisages that CCTV will develop a facial recognition functionality in future, and one can see such systems being used in relation to ASBOs or surveillance of individuals of interest to the police. It can also be anticipated that the digitised facial images collected for the proposed ID Card system, or used in connection with the existing Passport and Driving Licence systems would become a useful source for facial images of most of the population. In this way, the police's use of CCTV, linked to ANPR, to support its policy of “Denying Criminals the Use of the Road” develops into a policy of “Denying Criminals the Use of the Pavement”.

These wider security objectives explain why the Strategy also envisages a series of CCTV networks, where CCTV different systems will become interlinked, and the creation of centralised repositories of images. Although such a repository of images is not technically feasible at the moment, the Strategy envisages building “a skeleton infrastructure and a strategic network of CCTV cameras to assisting in the policing of key economic sites and the investigation of major and terrorist incidents”.

Repeated messages re CCTV failings

The Strategy repeats all the key messages from the 1995 guidance in relation to CCTV procurement (see above) in order to justify the imposition of national, enforceable standards. For example, the Strategy notes that in the days when CCTV footage was recorded to VHS tape, there was compatibility in camera resolutions output specifications, transmission standards and recording quality.

However now digital cameras from one manufacturer may not be compatible with others recording systems and that the Criminal Justice System “struggles to play back images stored in the many different proprietary recording formats”. With the emergence of digital CCTV “the situation has taken a turn for the worse” and over “80% of today's CCTV footage is far from ideal for police purposes”. This means many CCTV systems cannot be used for the detection and prevention of crime (as the public believes) but to “monitor crowds, slips, trips and falls”. The Strategy concludes that “often there is a public expectation that these systems are being installed for their safety, but the CCTV may not be of sufficient quality for police to use in criminal investigations”.

The Strategy stresses that a fundamental issue relates to the purpose of a CCTV scheme. For instance, cameras used in a post-incident investigation have to possess a different functionality from cameras used for pro-active policing. The former needs a fixed camera to ensure continuity of any evidence, the latter needs a roving functionality in order to follow a suspect. The Strategy notes that the dual use of CCTV “frustrates investigators” as details of an incident “are not captured initially” and are “unable to provide secondary evidence/intelligence by providing a good quality continuous recording at set locations or choke points in the vicinity of a crime”.

The regulation of CCTV

The Strategy's plans amount to an expansion of the role of CCTV and the integration of city-centre CCTV systems with other cameras that record other facets of daily life; this increases the importance of regulatory checks and balances. The Strategy recognises the need for improved public accountability but then notes that “whilst there are always likely to be some privacy concerns, these should be addressed within existing laws”.

The Strategy achieves its view of enhanced public accountability by: implementing a licensing scheme for CCTV systems; establishing a CCTV registration scheme that contains basic details of the CCTV scheme; imposing national training programs and standards for CCTV users; extending the application of planning laws to cover CCTV; and creating a stronger role for the Information Commissioner in enforcing CCTV standards.

The Strategy also notes that there is a confused line of regulation at the moment because there are three bodies that could be involved in the supervision of CCTV. These bodies are:

• the Information Commissioner who looks at data protection matters. The Commissioner does not have any remit in relation to licensing CCTV systems or enforcing procedural or technical standards that are not privacy related; in addition, the notification of “registered particulars” under the Act is not designed to cover the registered items identified in the Strategy. If the Information Commissioner's role were to be extended to enforce CCTV standards, then he would become responsible for a technology that is designed to be invasive of privacy; this could compromise his current role which is largely seen as protecting data subjects from invasions of privacy.
• the Surveillance Commissioner whose limited privacy remit largely covers warrants or authorisations in relation to covert and directed surveillance undertaken by the police and the national security agencies. Because this Commissioner has a very specialised regulatory role, it is very unlikely that his role would be extended to include a responsibility in relation to extensive and overt surveillance via CCTV.
• the Security Industry Authority (SIA). The SIA has implemented a licensing scheme for “Public Space Surveillance” but its prime role relates to private security industry (e.g. private investigators and night club bouncers), and not the minutiae of enforcing CCTV standards (e.g. to the public sector). The SIA requires a private body to obtain a licence when CCTV is used to monitor the activities of members of the public in public spaces; however the SIA does not have a role in relation to privacy, although breach of data protection laws, could in theory, result in a loss of a licence to operate a CCTV system.

Is “confusion” to be replaced by a “conflict of interest?”

To remove such confusion between the roles of the various regulators, the Strategy suggests there should be a “body responsible for the governance and use of CCTV in the UK”, and the development of “legislation to ensure the appropriate regulation of CCTV”. Thus, despite the Strategy's reference to widen the Information Commissioner's remit, it is reasonable to expect that any new law specifying a system of governance could also establish a dedicated CCTV Commissioner, rather like the Commissioner created by the ID Card Act. In this way, regulation of the privacy elements would be transferred to a Commissioner who is likely to report to a Home Secretary - the politician most responsible for the use of CCTV by the police or national security agencies.

If such a Commissioner were to be established, it would create a potential conflict of interest as the politician responsible to Parliament for the bodies that use the products of CCTV surveillance will also to be politically responsible for protecting those who are the subject of surveillance. However it has to be recognised that this system of governance is the model that is widely implemented in the UK in relation to Home Office functions whenever policing or national security is involved. Additionally, if there is CCTV specific legislation, such legislation – as with the ID Card Act -  has the potential to allow the Home Secretary to create statutory rules that identify broad statutory purposes for CCTV, specify long retention times for CCTV images, and legitimise wide-ranging, data sharing of images.

In other words, although the Strategy proposes an extensive, integrated, expansion of CCTV surveillance, the checks and balances that protect the public from misuse of CCTV, and the mechanisms that protect privacy have yet to be defined. Although the Strategy's provisional conclusion is that no changes are needed, in practice, who that regulator is, his powers and his ability to provide redress, all assume immense importance if public confidence is to be maintained (assuming the Strategy's expansion plan is implemented).

CCTV in a Surveillance Society

The predominance of CCTV cameras in the UK has featured highly with respect to the Information Commissioner's concerns over the Surveillance Society and to a large extent, the content of the ACPO Strategy and Home Office research serves to reinforce the view that the implementation of CCTV is sometimes unnecessary.

Some senior police officers are of that view also. In May, the Deputy Chief Constable of Hampshire Ian Readhead (who is one of the leading ACPO figures on the use of technology by the police) told the BBC's Politics Show that CCTV was being used in small towns and villages where crime rates were low. He complained that in his force area includes the small town of Stockbridge, where parish councillors have spent £10,000 installing CCTV and questioned whether the relatively low crime levels justified the expense and intrusion. “I'm really concerned about what happens to the product of these cameras, and what comes next?”, he told the programme. “If it's in our villages, are we really moving towards an Orwellian situation where cameras are at every street corner? And I really don't think that's the kind of country that I want to live in”.

As the Information Commissioner is concerned to regulate the uncontrolled development of surveillance, one can expect that when the Commissioner issues guidance on Privacy Impact Assessments (PIA), that a PIA will be an essential pre-requisite for the implementation of a CCTV system. It follows that if a CCTV system fails to deliver its promised results, then a data controller might have to consider its removal. Indeed, the Strategy's procedures should come to the same conclusion: for example, if the case for a CCTV system does not pass muster in relation to the Strategy's procurement or operational standards, then one assumes such a CCTV system would either be uninstalled, or not be procured, or upgraded to the correct specification.

Concluding comment

So what to make of the above? Although there are undoubted CCTV successes, the tenor of the text produced by all the sources described in this analysis suggests all is not well with the current CCTV infrastructure. The ACPO National Strategy claims that national standards will remove all these problems and that new CCTV networks will become a cost-effective tool that performs to public expectations. Whether the Strategy's claim that it will provide for this cost-effective proof for CCTV is, of course, an unknown quantity. All that is known is that many CCTV systems “do not do what it says on the tin” and if this is the case, the question then arises as to why they are installed.

But what of our readers whose employer has installed or thinking of installing a CCTV system? As data protection officer you must get involved in the choice of CCTV technology and make sure that your employer's CCTV system is not one of those that is unfit for purpose? So become involved in CCTV system procurement; we hope this article has convinced you that this is essential. Above all, when Privacy Impact Assessments arrive – try one out on your CCTV system.

Dr. C. N. M. Pounder

December 2007

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,Are you in love with your early generation iPhone and can't bear to give it away? Are you not interested in upgrading your iPhone every year just because everyone else does? Are you loyal to your iPhone 2 or 3G/S but struggle to find a half decent protective case for it? Well, you are not alone for there are many people just like you who do not see the need for an annual refresh of their iPhone but get very frustrated because the rest of the world seems to forget about their needs for protective cases, screen protectors and other accessories. Do not despair for there are plenty of online options available for sourcing and purchasing accessories for older generation iPhones.Researching The Internet For Older Generation iPhone AccessoriesYou will need to do a fair bit of online searching to hunt down the sites offering accessories for older generation iPhones, but it is possible. Use a good quality search engine such as Google or Yahoo! and type into the search field 'iPhone 3g cases' or 'iPhone 3gs cases' and you will be offered a wide range of options to chose from. For much older iPhones the hunt might take a little longer but do not worry the accessories you are looking for are out there just keep searching!You Will Upgrade Your iPhone at Some Point!However, I know you probably do not want to hear this but there will come a day that you will need to upgrade your iPhone! Don't be afraid though, the newer generation iPhones are quick, technologically advanced and simple to use! Who knows, maybe one day in the future you will be contemplating having to let your iPhone 4 go whilst everyone else is salivating at the prospect of buying the iPhone 14!,,The iPhone 4S is a mobile phone that incorporates a huge number of features including a superb music player and a high quality digital camera. Due to the technology that is used on the phone the devices are expensive to replace should you damage or break your handset. For this reason there is currently a huge market for protective cases to help consumers keep their phone in perfect condition. The Nissan Scratch Shield is scheduled to be released later this year and it is the first case that can actually repair itself if it is damaged.Nissan are developing this exciting new protective case together with the University of Tokyo and Advanced Softmaterials Inc. The Scratch Shield is finished with a polyrotaxane paint to help protect your iPhone 4S against scratches and damage. This special paint has unique properties that enable it to detect any damage and then elastically return to its original shape. Although this self repair process is not instant it is reported that minor scratches can heal within one hour and more extensive damage within one week. This kind of technology has been used before by Nissan on a number of their automobiles but this is the first time that the special coating has been used on another product. The case is constructed from a plastic material named ABS which Nissan prefer to alternative plastics as it is very robust and is also easier to grip, two properties that make it perfect for use on a mobile device. Bob Laishley, the overseas programme director of Nissan quoted, "The Scratch Shield iPhone case is a great example of us taking a Nissan automotive technology that has had a huge impact for our customers, and then shifting the boundaries to apply it to another everyday product".Even without a protective case the iPhone 4S is one of the most durable phones currently available. The phone makes use of a chemically strengthened glass which has been used in the manufacture of high speed trains and helicopters. This type of glass is reportedly 20 times stronger than conventional glass which makes it a great choice for devices such as the iPhone. Many people have complained about the extensive use of glass on this model but many seem to forget that we have been using mobile devices with glass screens for many years now. Apple are the first manufacturer to use a back panel constructed from this material but such is the strength of this toughened developed glass the phone is less likely to damage than other devices that use materials such as plastic. This does not mean that the iPhone 4S is immune from damage however so it is wise to invest in a protective case and the Nissan Scratch Shield is the very best that you will find.The new iPhone 4S protective case from Nissan is the perfect accessory for anybody who owns one of these phones. The impressive coating means that the case will look great for many months and more importantly keep your precious phone safe from any damage.,,Apple iPhones have always been under discussion for their superb design, totally different interface and amazing technology. From the very first launch Apple phones are very much appreciated. The technology and design has been improved with every addition. From the first Apple iPhone to the latest iPhone 4, the development is consistent. iPhones cannot be just called as office phones or entertainment gadgets as they perform both the functions with equal ease. The gadget have the same technology to support music and video which is present in Apple iPods, world renowned for its superb quality.Apple iPhone 4 is the latest addition to the Apple's mobile phone segment. The gadget is very much sophisticated and is said to have taken the mobile phone experience to all together a new level. It is said that this gadget bags more than 100 new features if compared to the previous launch. The design of the Apple iPhone 4 is the first thing that a user notices. The design is heavenly and the latest. It measures about 115.2 x 58.6 x 9.3 mm and weighs only 137 grams.The gadget has a scratch-resistant glass back panel to add stars. Not only this the perfect blend of technology and design can be seen in this very gadget. The gadget is covered with an aluminum strip all over its width which not only adds style but also improves the signaling of the gadget as it operates as a part of the antenna system.The gadget is blessed with one more latest thing, the touchscreen. The touchscreen is the latest and is called as the retina eye by the company. It is a 3.5 inches TFT capacitive touchscreen with a resolution of 640 x 960 pixels. A camera of 5 MP is given to add glitters. A secondary camera is also provided to enable video call over Wi-Fi. The gadget is available in black color and every one is eagerly waiting for the Apple iPhone 4 White deals to arrive.Among all the Apple iPhone 4 White deals that hit the stores, the Apple iPhone 4 White contract deals will be the the favorite. There is a valid reason behind this that the cost of this expensive gadget will be covered in the contract and the user will have no economic issues when purchasing an Apple iPhone 4 White contract deal.,,Soon after Apple iPhone hits the market, it took all the latest cell phone behind because of its high quality multi-touch technology, user friendliness and iPhone applications which makes this gadget completely customized according to the needs of individuals which eventually proves that Apple has dominated the cell phone industry. This domination gives birth to a lot of small businesses, which design accessories for Apple iPhone.Following are a few of the best iPhone accessories which are categorized on the basis of their purpose and usability for the end users. These accessories will let the iPhone user, fully avail its abilities and functions. Some of the following accessories will also work for Apple iPod as well.Ventev PowerCELL - Portable Backup Power,Those who travel a lot expression cell phone charging problems. There are old techniques to charge your cell phone using travel charger while you are traveling and car charger during your journey but these techniques are some-how dependent other things. How about having a black-box while will just plug into your iPhone to start charging? Now, Ventev PowerCell has launched a new portable backup power which can provide charging facility to your Apple phone without being dependent on others. You can charge you phone anywhere with this portable charger for iPhone.The PowerCELL 1700 mAh is specifically designed for all Apple iPhone models but it has been also been tested for other Apple products including iPod Nano, Shuffle and Touch. This innovative and universal solution delivers portable power of 1700mAh from PowerCELL to your gadget using Universal Serial Bus (USB) data cable accompany your iPhone.Best online Price:Around $47.99 to $50.0iPhone CasesOtterBox 2000 Series Waterproof Clear Case,The OtterBox waterproof case has a very high usage for those who love water sports. This dry box has an exterior dimensions of 6.855" x 4.571" x 1.829" which can easily carry your iPhone to protect it from water damage. The OtterBox 2000 has been tested to 100 feet of depth and proved to serve its feature perfectly.Price:Around $15.99 to $18NaztechCaimain-Exotic Luxury Crocodile Pattern Case,Are you looking for cheap fashion iPhone cases, they you are reading about the right stuff, The new Naztech-Caimain Exotic Crocodile pattern case is an elite and beautiful case for you iPhone, it's made from one of the finest materials of the world called Polyurethane (also known as artificial leather). The exact crocodile patterns are etched on this premium quality material to give real Alligator skin look.Best online Price:Around $19.99 to $22NazTech Universal Voyage Case with Stow Away Compartment,Wherever you go, you will have always something along; this may include driving license, credit card, national identity card, your cash etc. How about carrying your iPhone and all these in a single wallet case? NazTech Universal Voyage Case is made from the highest quality materials, having a separate section for your cell phone, a zipper enclosure and a revolving clip that can be tied with your belt or purse. This stylish case comes in different colors to cater personal choice.Best online Price:Around $18.99 to $20Motorola MOTOROKR T505 Bluetooth Speakerphone with Digital FM TransmitterThere are many Bluetooth wireless speakers for iPhone including Motorola MotoROKR EQ5 Ultra-Portable Wireless SpeakerN (around 94$), Samsung CK811 Portable Bluetooth Stereo Speaker (around $70), Motorola MotoROKR EQ7 Ultra-Portable Wireless SpeakerN (around $190) etc which are really good at their functionality and features. There is another very stylish Bluetooth speaker for iPhone by "Motorola named MOTOROKR T505 Bluetooth Speakerphone" which is also equipped with digital FM transmitter with following features.Connects wirelessly with Bluetooth enabled phone and car stereo.,A two watt speaker specifically designed for car/motor vehicle,An advanced audio caller ID feature which speaks the phone number of incoming call.,Clips to the visor and can easily be moved from one car to another as there is no installation required.,StationFinder feature finds and convert to tune FM radio for clear and noise free radio transmission in your car.,Features Latest echo and noise reduction technology improves the sound quality.,Equipped with a car charger,The Class two Bluetooth connection ranges from eight to ten meters (33 feet),EasyPair makes it simple to connect with other Bluetooth enabled devices.,Suports any phoen with Bluetooth stereo that supports A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile),Best online Price:Around $78.99 to $85LG Solar-Powered Portable Bluetooth Car Kit HFB-500,Bluetooth car kit is now a need of every driver to ensure safe driving. How about a Bluetooth car kit that runs on natural powers! The solar energy powered Bluetooth car kit for iPhone stores charging energy while exposed to Sun light. Every two hours of charging provides one hour of talk time with a total backup talk time of sixteen hours. This accessory is designed by LG but it has a great compatibility with Apple iPhone. Among other Apple iPhone Accessories, this accessory has an environment friendly solution for conversation while driving. This apple accessory features.Bluetooth 2.0,Call/End option,Volume control key,Last number redial option,Voice recognition system for dialing,Easy pairing of multi-connection (maximum of up to 2 phones),Best online Price:Around $89.99 to $95Parrot Bluetooth Conference Center,Those who are into offshore businesses can now conduct conference like they are sitting in one room meeting, the new "Bluetooth Conference Center" for iPhone allows you to execute proper conference calls for business purposes. The devices take your iPhone to a next level that it really becomes a conference call machine. Bluetooth Conference Center accessory is designed and manufactured considering the fact that iPhone is a PDA/business phone and now mostly used by business class as well. Conference call is something that businessmen would usually do specially when communicating with off shore companies. This device can also be used by a family member living abroad, far away from the dear ones. The device has the power to let you enjoy your family discussions and fun at a distant place.Parrot Bluetooth Conference Center features:User interface with 5 buttons and 12 dialing keys,Optimized for all types of rooms,3 high-sensitivity microphones covering 360,5W hi-fi dynamic speaker,Management of secure public and private phonebooks,Operating time: up to 10 hours continuous,Recharging time: 4 hours,Batteries: 3 high-capacity Ni-MH batteries,Full duplex and specific echo cancellation,Built-in specific SKYPE software menus,Connectivity: Bluetooth, Skype via USB* dongle,Number of contacts: 6,000 maximum,TFT 160x128 pixel screen with 262,144 colors,Best online Price:Around $ 299.99 to $320The prices mentioned against each researched product are the minimum prices available online; one of the websites which is offering minimum online price for all the above products is WirelessPhoneGallery with a home delivery service within US and Canada.,,The Nokia N8 is a smartphone which will aim to take on the might of the HTC Desire and the Apple iPhone 4G. It is a high end mobile phone which will feature a 12 megapixel camera, HD video and loads of other high spec functions. The projected retail price for a sim free version of the N8 is £320. This make the this device a expensive bit of kit. As a result, should you choose to purchase this mobile phone you might want to get ab few accessories for it. In this article we take a look at the options for Nokia N8 cases and car holders.Probably one of the most important mobile phone accessories you can buy is a protective case. A protective case will ensure that you device is safe in the event that you drop or bump the mobile phone. The are a number of Nokia N8 protective cases currently on offer. You can get a silicon gel case, these are very good and the gel softens the impact should you happen to drop the phone. They are available in a range of colours, such as purple, pink, orange, green, blue and yellow. You can also get is really decorative gel cases which have patterns and designs on the front and back.If you want something a little more refined, then you may want to opt for a lather case. In reality, they do not offer the same kind of protection as a gel case, but they have a more elegant look and feel to them. These kind of cases are more suited to business type users who want to make a smart impression when they take the handset out of their pocket.Another important accessories to consider is a car kit. Again there are many different types to choose from. you can get car holder and cradles that either clip on to the dashboard of your car or the suction mount that stick on to the front window of the car. These are great if you need to use your mobile phone while driving, as hands free is very important and in some countries it is illegal to talk on the phone while drive if you are not using handset free.Nokia N8 car holder will also make it easier for you to make use of the free GPS sat nav feature which come with this mobile phone. Having the screen position just in front of you will make it simple to see what directions ahead you need to plan for.Get the right accessories is important. It can make you life easier and more important protect you Nokia N8 and keep you safer if you happen to be driving and want to use your phone., Who knows, the Apple iPhone 4 White contract deals will be the the favorite. This innovative and universal solution delivers portable power of 1700mAh from PowerCELL to your gadget using Universal Serial Bus (USB) data cable accompany your iPhone.An advanced audio caller ID feature which speaks the phone number of incoming call, You can get a silicon gel case, these are very good and the gel softens the impact should you happen to drop the phone,Bluetooth car kit is now a need of every driver to ensure safe driving,The PowerCELL 1700 mAh is specifically designed for all Apple iPhone models but it has been also been tested for other Apple products including iPod Nano. Well, they do not offer the same kind of protection as a gel case,The Class two Bluetooth connection ranges from eight to ten meters (33 feet), should you choose to purchase this mobile phone you might want to get ab few accessories for it, The design is heavenly and the latest. The projected retail price for a sim free version of the N8 is £320, credit card, it took all the latest cell phone behind because of its high quality multi-touch technology, they you are reading about the right stuff.99 to $320The prices mentioned against each researched product are the minimum prices available online, Some of the following accessories will also work for Apple iPod as well, Due to the technology that is used on the phone the devices are expensive to replace should you damage or break your handset, user friendliness and iPhone applications which makes this gadget completely customized according to the needs of individuals which eventually proves that Apple has dominated the cell phone industry, Among other Apple iPhone Accessories,Are you in love with your early generation iPhone and can't bear to give it away.Apple iPhones have always been under discussion for their superb design, but they have a more elegant look and feel to them.Even without a protective case the iPhone 4S is one of the most durable phones currently available.

incase snap case iphone 4

Get the right accessories is important, A secondary camera is also provided to enable video call over Wi-Fi. This stylish case comes in different colors to cater personal choice, maybe one day in the future you will be contemplating having to let your iPhone 4 go whilst everyone else is salivating at the prospect of buying the iPhone 14, The exact crocodile patterns are etched on this premium quality material to give real Alligator skin look. It can make you life easier and more important protect you Nokia N8 and keep you safer if you happen to be driving and want to use your phone, How about a Bluetooth car kit that runs on natural powers, The are a number of Nokia N8 protective cases currently on offer,Are you looking for cheap fashion iPhone cases,3 high-sensitivity microphones covering 360. but it is possible, The devices take your iPhone to a next level that it really becomes a conference call machine, Now, The gadget is covered with an aluminum strip all over its width which not only adds style but also improves the signaling of the gadget as it operates as a part of the antenna system,Volume control key,Batteries: 3 high-capacity Ni-MH batteries, This device can also be used by a family member living abroad, The new Naztech-Caimain Exotic Crocodile pattern case is an elite and beautiful case for you iPhone, your cash etc, From the first Apple iPhone to the latest iPhone 4, Every two hours of charging provides one hour of talk time with a total backup talk time of sixteen hours, The gadget have the same technology to support music and video which is present in Apple iPods.Best online Price:Around $ 299, It measures about 115.Last number redial option. The solar energy powered Bluetooth car kit for iPhone stores charging energy while exposed to Sun light,Voice recognition system for dialing.0iPhone CasesOtterBox 2000 Series Waterproof Clear Case, this may include driving license, Are you loyal to your iPhone 2 or 3G/S but struggle to find a half decent protective case for it. This special paint has unique properties that enable it to detect any damage and then elastically return to its original shape, The phone makes use of a chemically strengthened glass which has been used in the manufacture of high speed trains and helicopters. Don't be afraid though,Following are a few of the best iPhone accessories which are categorized on the basis of their purpose and usability for the end users, one of the websites which is offering minimum online price for all the above products is WirelessPhoneGallery with a home delivery service within US and Canada, you will have always something along,The gadget is blessed with one more latest thing, which design accessories for Apple iPhone, far away from the dear ones.

A two watt speaker specifically designed for car/motor vehicle, world renowned for its superb quality,The OtterBox waterproof case has a very high usage for those who love water sports, the touchscreen, How about carrying your iPhone and all these in a single wallet case, It is a 3, it's made from one of the finest materials of the world called Polyurethane (also known as artificial leather),Easy pairing of multi-connection (maximum of up to 2 phones), Again there are many different types to choose from, This make the this device a expensive bit of kit,Best online Price:Around $78, These accessories will let the iPhone user,855" x 4, There are old techniques to charge your cell phone using travel charger while you are traveling and car charger during your journey but these techniques are some-how dependent other things. From the very first launch Apple phones are very much appreciated,Recharging time: 4 hours, These kind of cases are more suited to business type users who want to make a smart impression when they take the handset out of their pocket. Bluetooth Conference Center accessory is designed and manufactured considering the fact that iPhone is a PDA/business phone and now mostly used by business class as well, national identity card, You can charge you phone anywhere with this portable charger for iPhone, Not only this the perfect blend of technology and design can be seen in this very gadget, Conference call is something that businessmen would usually do specially when communicating with off shore companies, Do not despair for there are plenty of online options available for sourcing and purchasing accessories for older generation iPhones, green. such as purple,571" x 1,Ventev PowerCELL - Portable Backup Power, technologically advanced and simple to use,Those who are into offshore businesses can now conduct conference like they are sitting in one room meeting, In reality. Samsung CK811 Portable Bluetooth Stereo Speaker (around $70), two properties that make it perfect for use on a mobile device, The case is constructed from a plastic material named ABS which Nissan prefer to alternative plastics as it is very robust and is also easier to grip,Management of secure public and private phonebooks,Best online Price:Around $19, you can get car holder and cradles that either clip on to the dashboard of your car or the suction mount that stick on to the front window of the car. This apple accessory features.000 maximum,The gadget has a scratch-resistant glass back panel to add stars, It is a high end mobile phone which will feature a 12 megapixel camera, the newer generation iPhones are quick, you are not alone for there are many people just like you who do not see the need for an annual refresh of their iPhone but get very frustrated because the rest of the world seems to forget about their needs for protective cases,Wherever you go,Nokia N8 car holder will also make it easier for you to make use of the free GPS sat nav feature which come with this mobile phone, As a result,99 to $18NaztechCaimain-Exotic Luxury Crocodile Pattern Case, The impressive coating means that the case will look great for many months and more importantly keep your precious phone safe from any damage, Shuffle and Touch,99 to $50,Researching The Internet For Older Generation iPhone AccessoriesYou will need to do a fair bit of online searching to hunt down the sites offering accessories for older generation iPhones, They are available in a range of colours. I know you probably do not want to hear this but there will come a day that you will need to upgrade your iPhone,Operating time: up to 10 hours continuous,Nissan are developing this exciting new protective case together with the University of Tokyo and Advanced Softmaterials Inc, NazTech Universal Voyage Case is made from the highest quality materials,If you want something a little more refined,Those who travel a lot expression cell phone charging problems.Connectivity: Bluetooth,Clips to the visor and can easily be moved from one car to another as there is no installation required.The Nokia N8 is a smartphone which will aim to take on the might of the HTC Desire and the Apple iPhone 4G.

cover for iphone 4

Connects wirelessly with Bluetooth enabled phone and car stereo, Motorola MotoROKR EQ7 Ultra-Portable Wireless SpeakerN (around $190) etc which are really good at their functionality and features. The gadget is available in black color and every one is eagerly waiting for the Apple iPhone 4 White deals to arrive. The touchscreen is the latest and is called as the retina eye by the company,99 to $22NazTech Universal Voyage Case with Stow Away Compartment.Best online Price:Around $47, Apple are the first manufacturer to use a back panel constructed from this material but such is the strength of this toughened developed glass the phone is less likely to damage than other devices that use materials such as plastic,99 to $85LG Solar-Powered Portable Bluetooth Car Kit HFB-500,Among all the Apple iPhone 4 White deals that hit the stores, the development is consistent. The technology and design has been improved with every addition. In this article we take a look at the options for Nokia N8 cases and car holders,Soon after Apple iPhone hits the market. You can also get is really decorative gel cases which have patterns and designs on the front and back,Built-in specific SKYPE software menus,Apple iPhone 4 is the latest addition to the Apple's mobile phone segment, iPhones cannot be just called as office phones or entertainment gadgets as they perform both the functions with equal ease.Best online Price:Around $18, The design of the Apple iPhone 4 is the first thing that a user notices, How about having a black-box while will just plug into your iPhone to start charging, the new "Bluetooth Conference Center" for iPhone allows you to execute proper conference calls for business purposes, Bob Laishley, This kind of technology has been used before by Nissan on a number of their automobiles but this is the first time that the special coating has been used on another product.The new iPhone 4S protective case from Nissan is the perfect accessory for anybody who owns one of these phones.Features Latest echo and noise reduction technology improves the sound quality. This accessory is designed by LG but it has a great compatibility with Apple iPhone, The Nissan Scratch Shield is scheduled to be released later this year and it is the first case that can actually repair itself if it is damaged. fully avail its abilities and functions, The Scratch Shield is finished with a polyrotaxane paint to help protect your iPhone 4S against scratches and damage.Price:Around $15.

2 x 58.5 inches TFT capacitive touchscreen with a resolution of 640 x 960 pixels, These are great if you need to use your mobile phone while driving. Although this self repair process is not instant it is reported that minor scratches can heal within one hour and more extensive damage within one week. this accessory has an environment friendly solution for conversation while driving, Many people have complained about the extensive use of glass on this model but many seem to forget that we have been using mobile devices with glass screens for many years now, It is said that this gadget bags more than 100 new features if compared to the previous launch,99 to $20Motorola MOTOROKR T505 Bluetooth Speakerphone with Digital FM TransmitterThere are many Bluetooth wireless speakers for iPhone including Motorola MotoROKR EQ5 Ultra-Portable Wireless SpeakerN (around 94$), screen protectors and other accessories.Another important accessories to consider is a car kit,However, "The Scratch Shield iPhone case is a great example of us taking a Nissan automotive technology that has had a huge impact for our customers,StationFinder feature finds and convert to tune FM radio for clear and noise free radio transmission in your car,Number of contacts: 6,Probably one of the most important mobile phone accessories you can buy is a protective case,Equipped with a car charger, The device has the power to let you enjoy your family discussions and fun at a distant place. There is another very stylish Bluetooth speaker for iPhone by "Motorola named MOTOROKR T505 Bluetooth Speakerphone" which is also equipped with digital FM transmitter with following features,Parrot Bluetooth Conference Center features:User interface with 5 buttons and 12 dialing keys. For this reason there is currently a huge market for protective cases to help consumers keep their phone in perfect condition,99 to $95Parrot Bluetooth Conference Center,TFT 160x128 pixel screen with 262, Use a good quality search engine such as Google or Yahoo, For much older iPhones the hunt might take a little longer but do not worry the accessories you are looking for are out there just keep searching, This domination gives birth to a lot of small businesses.

 Having the screen position just in front of you will make it simple to see what directions ahead you need to plan for, totally different interface and amazing technology, The gadget is very much sophisticated and is said to have taken the mobile phone experience to all together a new level,Bluetooth 2, having a separate section for your cell phone. and then shifting the boundaries to apply it to another everyday product", the overseas programme director of Nissan quoted,829" which can easily carry your iPhone to protect it from water damage.The iPhone 4S is a mobile phone that incorporates a huge number of features including a superb music player and a high quality digital camera, Skype via USB* dongle, pink, then you may want to opt for a lather case, Ventev PowerCell has launched a new portable backup power which can provide charging facility to your Apple phone without being dependent on others. There is a valid reason behind this that the cost of this expensive gadget will be covered in the contract and the user will have no economic issues when purchasing an Apple iPhone 4 White contract deal,Suports any phoen with Bluetooth stereo that supports A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile), This does not mean that the iPhone 4S is immune from damage however so it is wise to invest in a protective case and the Nissan Scratch Shield is the very best that you will find,6 x 9, blue and yellow,3 mm and weighs only 137 grams,You Will Upgrade Your iPhone at Some Point,Optimized for all types of rooms. The OtterBox 2000 has been tested to 100 feet of depth and proved to serve its feature perfectly, as hands free is very important and in some countries it is illegal to talk on the phone while drive if you are not using handset free, This dry box has an exterior dimensions of 6.

 Are you not interested in upgrading your iPhone every year just because everyone else does.Best online Price:Around $89,5W hi-fi dynamic speaker.144 colors. HD video and loads of other high spec functions, A camera of 5 MP is given to add glitters, This type of glass is reportedly 20 times stronger than conventional glass which makes it a great choice for devices such as the iPhone.Full duplex and specific echo cancellation, orange. and type into the search field 'iPhone 3g cases' or 'iPhone 3gs cases' and you will be offered a wide range of options to chose from, A protective case will ensure that you device is safe in the event that you drop or bump the mobile phone,Call/End option, a zipper enclosure and a revolving clip that can be tied with your belt or purse,EasyPair makes it simple to connect with other Bluetooth enabled devices,

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The Latest Technology for Law Department Management

Names

• Contract Databases
• Contract Management Systems
• Enterprise Contract Management Systems
• Contract Lifecycle Management Systems

Description and Primary functions

Few companies manage their contracts and contract processes well. Contract management systems can help to bring order and efficiency to this critical area.

Contract management systems range from simple database systems that allow companies to find their contracts and track basic information (such as contract expiration dates and deadlines) to contract lifecycle management (CLM) systems that attempt to automate the entire contract lifecycle, from the initial contract request through contract creation, signing, filing, and post-contract reporting. Some systems are primarily intended to support the procurement function, and others the sales contracting function, but increasingly these systems are being designed to handle all types of contracts.

While a simple database and tickler system may be adequate for companies with only a small number of contracts to deal with, more fully featured CLM systems add significant features and functions to help manage what, for many companies, is an increasingly complex and critical area. With more systems being offered as a hosted service (SaaS), the advantages of CLM systems are increasingly available even to smaller companies and law departments.

A Definition of a CLM System

An integrated system that applies business rules to manage contracts of the enterprise on a worldwide basis, from request through negotiation to filing in a central repository, and that allows people and systems within the organization to access, analyze, and act on contract-related information to improve efficiency, consistency, reporting, and control.

What are some of the benefits you should expect from a CLM system?

• Streamline contracting process and improve contract cycle time

• Reduce overhead associated with contracts
• Improve consistency of contracts and contract processes across the organization
• Better control of risk and revenue recognition issues, including Section 404 controls
• Improve corporate-wide visibility of contracts and related information – people have access to the information they need
• Eliminate redundant entry of information
• Allow procurement, sales, and legal staff to concentrate on value-added work rather than administrative tasks
• Better understanding of contractual commitments (e.g., SLAs)
• Improved amendment and renewal processing
• Increased visibility into cross-sale/up-sale opportunities
• Allow more efficient integration of acquired companies’ contracts and related processes

Key Features – Aberdeen recommends[1] that enterprises assess CLM application capabilities in five primary areas:

1. Contract creation – ability to support collaborative contract negotiation, contract templates and clause libraries, approvals, workflows, [electronic signature,] and audit controls.

2. Contract repository – ability to establish a searchable repository of all contracts, clauses, and associated business information.

3. Contract management – ability to automate and control contract administrative processes, including compliance management, amendments, and renewals.

4. Reporting and analytics – ability to monitor and report on contract and operational performance as well as support risk and scenario-based assessments.

5. Integration and services – ability to integrate and interoperate with business applications, especially ERP and Microsoft Word, and to provide support services.

Key issues

• Many groups within a company need to access contracts or contract information. Make sure you involve the appropriate groups in the process of selecting and implementing a system.
• In many companies with a high volume of contract activity the law department is not the primary user of contract management systems and does not have overall responsibility for contract management. It may be a procurement department or a dedicated contracts department supporting the sales function. Those departments may include lawyers, or the law department may play more of a supporting role on an as-needed basis.
• Be careful that you don’t choose a solution that substantially increases administrative burdens by requiring users to input detailed contract information. Some systems can actually create more work rather than less.
• There is currently a lot of innovation and consolidation taking place in the industry. This should be taken into account in system and vendor selection.
• More systems are being offered as a subscription service (SaaS)
• You will need to figure out what to do with your existing (legacy) contracts. How will you get them into a new system? Some vendors offer this as an additional service.
• “Additional emphasis should be placed on application architecture and usability, both of which will influence deployment, adoption, and total cost of ownership (TCO) performance. Enterprises must also thoroughly assess solution provider’s customer references and financial viability. Such diligence is particularly important considering the establishment of the CLM solution marketplace and continued market consolidation.” [2]

Alternatives

• Many of the individual functions of contract management can be handled using standard Microsoft tools (e.g., Word, Outlook, Excel, Access) or other stand-alone products to accomplish the functions of a contract management system. This is what most law departments are doing today. The problem with this approach is that where you are dealing with any volume of contracts it generally means inefficient, fragmented processes and an inability to efficiently locate information.
• Many matter management systems can be used to store electronic copies of contracts and provide notifications of deadlines, expiration, renewals, etc. Although they may lack all the features of a full CLM system, there can be advantages to consolidating contract information in the same system you use to manage other matters.
• Home-grown solutions. For example, some document management systems (e.g., Interwoven, SharePoint) can be used as the basis for a contract management system. However, with any home-grown system you are responsible for designing, supporting, and maintaining the system, and you will not be able to take advantage of a vendor’s expertise and experience working with many other companies.

Costs –

• Costs of implementing a contract management system can range from no up-front investment (if you are able to use a system or systems you already have) to more than $1 million for a full-featured CLM system.
• Using an existing matter management system as a contract repository and tickler system will probably not involve any incremental investment.
• Home-grown systems using existing software may not involve any up-front software investment, but will require time and expertise to design and maintain the system.
• SaaS CLM systems avoid some of the up-front costs and start at about $50 per user per month.
• Implementing an installed software CLM system can involve a substantial up-front software license fee, ongoing software maintenance fees, plus implementation fees and charges to input legacy contracts. Total initial investment can easily reach $1 million, with ongoing fees of more than $100,000 per year.
• Don’t forget to factor in costs for getting legacy contracts into a new system. For companies with thousands of contracts these costs can be substantial.

Some systems (such as Corporate Legal Standard and Pontus Global) now include a labor component using less costly resources that could make those systems more affordable on a total-cost basis.

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ZEP Technology Platform – latest news

i. Regulations:

Important work is going on to put in place a regulation for CCS. The Commissions general directorate (DG) for environment has put in place an extensive work on this issue. Before the start of the year (2007) the Commission will forward a white paper (Communication from the Commission to the Council of Ministers and the Parliament). Here concrete proposals to modification of existing EU-regulations such as the Water Directive, the Waste Directive (many others) possibly IPPC, Environmental Impact Assessment, the Liability Directive, etc. will be forwarded. A CCS-Directive is also on the stages. In addition own guidelines for identification, verification and monitoring of CO2 storage will be presented. After publication of the White book, with the proposals to jurisdiction, it will become an issue for discussion, negotiation and resolution in the EUs decision making bodies: the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. It is expected that resolutions to this regulation will be completed in 2010. The ZEP-platform is generally very satisfied with the DG Environmental works regarding the regulation.

ii. Selection and financing of the Flagship-programme:

Equally important is the selection and financing of the 10-12 demonstration projects or The European Flagship Programme – which it is also called. DG Transport and Energy (DG Tren) will publish its own white book about this before the end of this year. The White book will describe how all aspects with the demonstration projects such as fuel types, capture technology, storage alternatives, transport and logistic will be assessed and included.

The ZEP-Task forces for demonstration and implementation, and policy and regulation, are both involved in this work. It is undertaking a close consultation process with the Commission about these questions, both in the form of formal meeting between ZEP-platform and the Commissions own ”Inter-services-group on CCS” and via informal running contact with the Commissions employee.

iii. State aid issues:

DG Competition has recently outlined proposal to guidelines for state support to environmental projects for the period 2008 to 2013 on their homepage. The Commission will hold two discussion rounds with member states (and Norway) – on the 2^nd of July and the beginning of September. After this the guidelines will be resolved of the Commissions college – before the end of this year so that they can be in force by 1.1.2008. The input from ZEP emphasizes that governments/states must open the possibilities for investing for up to 100% of the costs associated with the capture technology and capture plants. At the same time it is important to open for public investing in infrastructure for transport and storage of CO2. It is however unclear whether this will be accepted by the Commission.

iv. Research:

ZEP has delivered its input to the Commission’s (DG Research) draft to work programme for 2008, the 7^th Framework (7FP) for energy. The first call on the energy sector that ends on the 28th June and based on the incoming projects, the Commissions programme-committee will assess in concrete the content of the research areas for 2008. The ZEP input on this area can be found also on the ZEPs homepage.

v. Public communication:

Last but not least it is fully essential to put in track a strategy for external communication for CCS. The leaders for this task force put forward proposals to strategy and submitted it at the last AC-meeting in Berlin on June 12. This proposal will continue to be argued over the summer. It is suggested to employ a person who will be responsible for the daily co-ordination and administration of communication activities. Besides, an extensive web-site will be prepared and also seminars and conferences will be held in the most relevant member states. A CCS film is also proposed for distribution to the public.

vi. ZEP General Assembly:

This year’s general meeting will be arranged in Paris 3^rd October and is put the day before the French Petroleum Institutes large European Conference about CCS. The general meeting is open and free. Invitation will be sent out soon and will also be announced on the ZEPs homepage.

vii The Member State Group:

Right from the beginning of the ZEP work a ”mirror-group” was established with representatives from the EUs member states. This group is led by Brian Morris from UK. This group is now getting a clearer focus and high status and is now called: The Member States Group. This group will be of great significance when we reach into the selection process of the demonstration projects and when the new regulation is handled in the EUs Council of Ministers.

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